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EPUBCheck · Package document (OPF)

OPF-034

Updated:

EPUBCheck OPF-034 is an error message: “The spine contains multiple references to the manifest item with id "…".” The spine lists the same manifest item more than once; each document may appear only once.

The official message

The spine contains multiple references to the manifest item with id "%1$s".

Default severity
Error. The EPUB breaks a rule of the specification and is invalid. Stores and Send to Kindle may reject it, and EPUBCheck exits with status 1.
EPUBCheck version
5.4.0

%1$s, %2$s… are filled in with the file, value or element EPUBCheck found.

Typical causes

  • A chapter added twice by a tool or by hand, often when merging books.

How to fix it

  • Delete the duplicate itemref from the spine.

Terms used here

Other OPF messages

  • OPF-033 The spine contains no linear resources.
  • OPF-035 Media type "text/html" is not appropriate for XHTML/OPS.
  • OPF-031 File listed in reference element in guide was not declared in OPF manifest: ….
  • OPF-030 The unique-identifier "…" was not found.
  • OPF-029 The file "…" does not appear to match the media type …, as specified in the OPF file.
  • OPF-028 Undeclared prefix: "…".

Message text and severity from EPUBCheck 5.4.0 (W3C, BSD-3-Clause). Explanation by EPUBLab.

FAQ

What does EPUBCheck OPF-034 mean?

EPUBCheck OPF-034 is an error message: “The spine contains multiple references to the manifest item with id "…".” The spine lists the same manifest item more than once; each document may appear only once.

Is OPF-034 an error?

OPF-034 is reported as error by default. The EPUB breaks a rule of the specification and is invalid. Stores and Send to Kindle may reject it, and EPUBCheck exits with status 1.